Seven methods for identification of ancient jade
China began to produce jade articles from primitive societies. With the development of social productive forces, it gradually formed independent professions, mostly focusing on jealousy and capitalism. From Song to Qing, Suzhou became a national jade center. The royal courts of the past dynasties all have jade workshops for production. Due to the high hardness of jade, special tools and methods are needed for processing. Therefore, there are several processes such as selecting materials, drawing samples, sawing materials, making blanks, drilling, making fine, light pressure, and engraving. China began to produce jade articles from primitive societies. With the development of social productive forces, it gradually formed independent professions, mostly focusing on jealousy and capitalism. From Song to Qing, Suzhou became a national jade center. The royal courts of the past dynasties all have jade workshops for production. Due to the high hardness of jade, special tools and methods are needed for processing. Therefore, there are several processes such as selecting materials, drawing samples, sawing materials, making blanks, drilling, making fine, light pressure, and engraving. Antique jade also needs to increase the process of "disability" and "burning ancient". The slave society is dominated by bronze tools. The feudal society gradually changed from bronze tools to steel tools. Quartz sand hardness is higher than jade, so it has been used for grinding jade since ancient times, also known as "solution jade sand". When the toothless saw is pushed and pulled forward or backward, and the drill is rotated and contacted with the jade material, the quartz sand mixed with water is placed and honed into the device as the tool moves. The shape and pattern of the jade are made by this method. Therefore, the pre-Qin called the jade, the Song people called the jade, today called the grind, to show that it is different from carving and craft. The historical evolution of Chinese jade art style is as follows: In the south of China, the large jade of Liangzhu culture and the multi-section jade of different heights indicate that the jade process has begun to separate from the stone craft. The jade shape is more complicated, and it has been able to grind the yin line, the Yang line, the flat convex, the hidden geometric shape and the animal-shaped pattern decoration, and has a simple and childish style. The jade articles of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties are characterized by simple image and demeanor. They are characterized by the decorative details of the Yang line hidden by the double hooks, and there is a pretty jade. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the jade crafts had developed extensively, and the various vassal states competed and refined. Compared with the finely carved spring and autumn warring States jade carvings, the Qin and Han jade wares tend to be bold and unconstrained in artistic style. The Hanyu hidden place is often used as a fine-grained Yinxian carving. It is as strong as a silky painting on an ancient painting to make up for its weak point of three-dimensionality. This is a feature of the Chinese jade technique, which has a profound impact on the later jade. Tang and Song jade are colored like sheep fat, shiny and crystal, with excellent texture and exquisite technique. The theme of the animal and animal flowers and the exquisite and clearing device increase, the realism ability is greatly improved, and the tendency of secularization begins to appear. High rumors. This is closely related to the maturity of painting and sculpture art at that time. The universal development of jade articles in the north and south of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties was an extremely glorious era in the history of Chinese jade. The existing Yuhai Da Yuhai in the Yuanhai Group, the jade belt plate unearthed from the tomb of Ming Wang Xingzu, the Yugui, jade belt hook, jade bowl, jade bowl, jade pot, Yujue, jade, etc. unearthed from the tomb of Zhu Xi can represent the jade articles of this period. Features. While inheriting the characteristics of the jade in the Song Dynasty, there are two mutually exclusive tendencies of extensive processing or cumbersome processing. The Yuan Ming jade is also influenced by the literati paintings and calligraphy. It has developed jade wares of literary poetry and freehand landscape paintings. It also often engraves famous literary talents and pursues the elegant taste of literati. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the jade was rich in jade, royal propaganda and social needs, and the maturity of technology reached an unprecedented peak. In addition, the Chinese Uygur's jade craftsmanship is rich in local color and is an integral part of the Chinese national jade art treasure. Under the influence of the post-feudal society's antique thoughts, the jade articles produced with the aim of “returning to the simple†and pursuing the “Hanyu†style are called antique jade. This jade began in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The aesthetic value is also an integral part of ancient jade. The Characteristics and Status of Chinese Jade Culture China's jade culture has a long history, and its characteristics and status can be seen from the following comparisons. 1. Compare from the time of collecting jade. There are two comparable points here, namely the morning and evening of the jade time and the length of the duration. About 12,000 years ago, the original inhabitants of Liaonan in China began to use the serpentine to cut the chopping device. The 7000 years ago, the Xinle culture appeared to be finely ground and colored stone chisel. Hemudu appeared in the colored stone jade, dating 6,000- - In 4,000 years, the ancestors of the Luobulur in Xinjiang have used the non-porous stone axe with the jade. In the next 4000 years, our ancestors’ jade management activities have never been interrupted. The earliest use of jade in foreign countries was the Siberian primitive culture from 3000 to 2000 BC. They used soft jade to make tools and discs, but they disappeared afterwards and have not been reproduced. The ancient jadeite beads of Japan appeared in the middle of the Jomon period (2900 BC - 2300 BC), and the jasper tube appeared in the Yayoi era (300 BC - 300 AD) and reached the age of the ancient burial (AD 300) - 440 years) The jade process will decline and die. Indian jade began in 1000 BC and disappeared until 900 AD. Regarding the morning and evening of the jade time, although there may be certain errors due to different detection methods, it is certain that China is one of the earliest countries using jade, and it is also the country with the longest duration of jade. 2. Compare from jade and jade. The color of jade in foreign jade places is relatively monotonous. For example, Japan and Indian jade are mainly jade, and their jadeite is also dark green. European nephrite is green and green. There are ink spots on the jade near Lake Baikal. Kong Dong's original culture has white nephrite, and in addition to green, blue and ink, China and Daiyu also have yellow and white jade, especially sheep fat white jade. Japanese jadeite and jasper, Maori jasper, Indian Maya jadeite are lack of warm and crystal-like texture, while China and jade jade texture is delicate and meticulous. Therefore, compared with jade and jade, and jade jade is also beyond the reach of foreign jade. 3. Compare from the jade tool. The rotating tools used in China's jade jade may start from the Hongshan culture and Liangzhu culture of the primitive society, and later gradually developed into a "water bench." What tools are used in Japan, Siberia, Indian Maya, etc.? Japanese scholars infer from the current jade method that Japanese ancient jade was also smashed with a rotating tool, and no other arguments were found. In India, the illustrations of the 19th century jade working rotary tool have been passed down to the present. For a senior jade, the right hand pushes the bowstring to drive the round turn, and the left hand holds the jade, which is inconvenient and inefficient. The jade tool in this picture is three centuries later than the water bench depicted in Tiangong Kaiwu. It is far behind the water bench in its structure and transmission. It is undeniable that the ancient Chinese Rotary Sapphire tool was the most advanced and perfect at the time. 4, from the smashing skills comparison. China's ancient jade craftsmanship has a history of more than 7,000 years, and has accumulated rich and valuable experience. In this respect, the jade skills of Japan, Europe, Maori, Maya and Arabia are far behind. Here, we must make a detailed analysis of the smashing technique of the trace of Stan Jade, Mughal Jade. We admit that the performance of the Mark Dusit jade jade has reached a very high level, and has had a great impact on the late Qing and modern jade crafts in China. Qianlong had a very high evaluation of the trace jade. He said in the poem: "Kun Kunshan, rumored to India", "Xi Kun yields jade, good craftsman has traces", and praises its jade "Ying Boru Paper, or like "winged wings." Also praised its exquisitely beautiful: "The leaves are seen in the heavy layer, the knife and the axe have no trace", "fine into the hair, no axe and chisel", "fine 镌 鬼 ghost work", but the incomprehensible thing is that he mistakenly believes that the jade It is made of "water mill". From the existing Mughal jade, the tires are as thin as paper, but there are many examples of tire-thick porcelain. There are also thin tires in Suzhou imitation "Fan Zuo", in which the chrysanthemum disk is as thin as a flap, showing a translucent state, indicating that Suzhou Yugong has the ability to grind the jade. So why are the ancient Chinese jade articles with thicker tires? This is related to the rare jade material and the high price. If it is too thin, it will cost a lot of work, the second will make the jade material consume too much, and the third will damage the jade beauty, giving people a sense of solidity and easy confusion with the glass. Therefore, Zhiyu does not advocate the work of thin tires. In the late Qing Dynasty, the jade industry accepted the two characteristics of the scorpion plant pattern and gem setting in the trace of the sect of jade, and developed into a "fake imitation", which shows that China's jade workers have long abandoned the good jade skills and they do not meet us. Factors such as the thin traditions of the national tradition and the shape of the Arabs. 5, from the jade function comparison. Ancient jade articles in China are closely related to many aspects of social life. The five aspects of social functions it has been introduced. Europeans believe that. Nephrite has a healing effect on kidney disease when it is hung around the waist. This is naturally a superstitious understanding, but the jade tools of its primitive society still have certain real value; Japanese people's understanding of jade and jade is more complicated than that of Europeans. They think that in addition to decorative functions, jade still has " The function of the curse, the treasure, and the sacrifice; the arab jade is generally limited to jade and bottle basins for life; the Indian Maya jade is related to the functions and sacrifices of the gods, and there are also jade and decorations for life. Jade. In short, the social functions of the above-mentioned jade articles are not as good as the extensive social functions produced by ancient Chinese jade. 6, from the jade model comparison. Ancient Chinese jade type is quite rich. The ancient jade wares in foreign countries are roughly as follows: Japanese ancient jade articles are limited to beads, tubes, hooks, scorpions and abstract animals, and rare vessels; Maori jade objects only see gods, pebbles, axes; Siberian Neolithic age only has axe, chisel Tools, utensils, etc., and the shape is relatively simple; the Arabic jade is mainly made up of utensils, its style is unique, unique, but the type is relatively simple; Indian Maya jade type system is slightly more than the above, with tools, Beads, tubes, tablets, figure reliefs and elephant jade, but compared with the ancient Chinese jade type, Maya jade is also quite monotonous. 7. Compare from jade decorative patterns. The decorative patterns of ancient Chinese jade articles include geometric, animal, plant, text and painting, comprehensive and other topics. The jade articles in Japan, Europe, Siberia, and Maori are mostly light-like or decorated with simple geometric patterns, and they are rarely decorated. Among them, the decorative patterns of jade articles in Maya and Arabia have their own unique styles, such as the jade leaf ornament of the jade and the "Xi Lilian" and "Clematis". The Indian Mayan jade ornament is characterized by the character pattern, but compared with the ancient Chinese jade pattern decoration, it is eclipsed, especially the painting pattern on Chinese jade, which is unique in the history of the world. T-shirt,High Quality T-shirt,T-shirt Details, CN Jiangyin Yiqifeiyang Apparel Co., Ltd. , https://www.jyyqfy.com